Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. It can be either visible (where the urine appears red or brown) or invisible (detected only through a urine test). Hematuria can be caused by a variety of reasons, such as urinary tract infections, bladder or kidney stones, prostate problems, and

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Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition that causes bladder pain, pressure, and frequent urination. The exact cause of interstitial cystitis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a problem with the bladder lining, the immune system, or the nervous

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Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside the kidneys when certain substances in urine become too concentrated. They can cause severe pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract. They are commonly made of calcium oxalate, but can also be composed of other substances

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Neurogenic bladder is a type of bladder dysfunction that occurs when there is damage to the nervous system, resulting in difficulties in starting and stopping the urinary stream, holding or releasing urine, and maintaining bladder control. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including

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Nocturia is a condition in which a person wakes up frequently during the night to urinate. The cause of nocturia can be due to various factors, such as age, underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and prostate problems, as well as lifestyle factors such as fluid intake before bedtime.

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An overactive bladder is a condition in which the bladder contracts involuntarily, causing a strong and sudden urge to urinate even when the bladder is not full. This can result in incontinence or the frequent need to go to the bathroom, including during the night. Overactive bladder can be caused by

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Some common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Many STIs can be treated with antibiotics or antiviral medications, but

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Stress incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when physical activity or movement, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising, puts pressure on the bladder and causes leakage. This is usually due to weakness or damage to the pelvic floor muscles and the sphincter that normally

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UPJ (Ureteropelvic Junction) obstruction is a blockage that occurs at the point where the urine collecting portion of the kidney meets the ureter, which is the drainage tube down to the bladder. This blockage can prevent urine from flowing freely from the kidney into the bladder, leading to a backup

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Urachal abnormalities are congenital (present from birth) or acquired conditions that affect the urachus, a structure in the abdomen that connects the bladder to the umbilicus (belly button) during fetal development. In some cases, the urachus does not close completely after birth and can result in a

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A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This can occur as a result of injury, infection, or previous medical procedures, such as surgery for an enlarged prostate. Symptoms of a urethral stricture may include difficulty starting

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Urge incontinence, also known as urge urinary incontinence, is a type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, strong urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It is often caused by an overactive bladder, which can result in bladder contractions at inappropriate times. Treatment

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys. UTIs are most commonly caused by bacteria, and symptoms may include frequent urination, painful urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and low abdominal

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